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Mary Ann Nichols
Mary Ann "Polly" Nichols (née Walker; 26 August 1845 – 31 August 1888) was one of the Whitechapel murder victims.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History )〕 Her death has been attributed to the notorious unidentified serial killer Jack the Ripper, who is believed to have killed and mutilated at least five women in the Whitechapel area of London from late August to early November 1888.〔
== Life and background ==
Mary Ann was born to locksmith Edward Walker and his wife Caroline on 26 August 1845, in Dean Street in London. On 16 January 1864 she married William Nichols, a printer's machinist, and between 1866 and 1879, the couple had five children: Edward John, Percy George, Alice Esther, Eliza Sarah, and Henry Alfred. Their marriage broke up in 1880 or 1881 from disputed causes. Her father accused William of leaving her after he had an affair with the nurse who had attended the birth of their final child,〔Evans and Rumbelow, p. 61〕 though Nichols claimed to have proof that their marriage had continued for at least three years after the date alleged for the affair. He maintained that his wife had deserted him and was practising prostitution.〔Fido, p. 20〕 Police reports say they separated because of her drunken habits.〔
Legally required to support his estranged wife, William Nichols paid her an allowance of five shillings a week until 1882, when he heard that she was working as a prostitute;〔Reports of Inspector Joseph Helson, 7 September 1888, and Superintendent Donald Swanson, 19 October 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 24, 29〕 he was not required to support her if she was earning money through illicit means. Nichols spent most of her remaining years in workhouses and boarding houses, living off charitable handouts and her meagre earnings as a prostitute.〔 She lived with her father for a year or more but left after a quarrel; her father stated he had heard she had subsequently lived with a blacksmith named Drew in Walworth.〔Evans and Skinner, pp. 33, 45〕 In early 1888, the year of her death, she was placed in the Lambeth workhouse after being discovered sleeping rough in Trafalgar Square, and in May left the workhouse to take a job as a domestic servant in Wandsworth. Unhappy in that position—she was an alcoholic and her employer, Mr Cowdry, and his wife, were teetotallers—she left two months later, stealing clothing worth three pounds ten shillings.〔Evans and Skinner, p. 24; Fido, p. 20〕 At the time of her death, Nichols was living in a Whitechapel common lodging house in Spitalfields,〔Begg, pp. 85–85; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 61; Evans and Skinner, p. 24〕 where she shared a room with a woman named Emily "Nelly" Holland.〔
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